Explore

Jump to a category

Politics

Spain’s Supreme Court keeps voting suspension for some new citizens

The court rejected a government appeal and kept a suspension affecting some Spanish citizens who gained nationality through the descendants-of-exiles law. The measure could exclude many from the November 29 election.

“A material impossibility of complying with a judicial order cannot be invoked when the cause of that non-compliance lies with the very administration responsible for carrying it out”
Supreme Court justicesSpain’s Supreme Court

Juan Rodríguez García-Lozano, father of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, dies at 100

The lawyer from León died on Monday, October 12. He was the father of former Spanish prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.

Cádiz PP calls for Algeciras mayor to resign after two sexual assault complaints

The Cádiz branch of Spain’s Popular Party has called on Algeciras mayor José Ignacio Landaluce to resign after learning of two complaints alleging sexual assault. Twelve of 15 PP councillors signed the request.

Company led by PSOE spokesperson’s partner rents at least 30 homes

Sergi Vélez leads a property group whose rental arm has at least 30 homes and reportedly pursued up to three eviction cases at once. The group’s business contrasts with the PSOE’s housing message.

Abascal calls for stronger border controls and migrant expulsions in Ceuta

Vox leader Santiago Abascal called for Ceuta’s border with Morocco to be militarized and for migrants who entered irregularly to be expelled. French politician Jordan Bardella joined him in criticizing Spain’s migration policies.

ERC and Podemos negotiate cooperation for Spain’s 29 November election

Gabriel Rufián will lead ERC’s list in the 29 November election as ERC and Podemos negotiate how to work together in Catalonia and elsewhere in Spain.

Spanish left-wing coalition proposes Ada Colau as candidate for prime minister

Four parties in Spain’s Frente Amplio have proposed former Barcelona mayor Ada Colau as their candidate in the November 29 general election and invited Podemos to join.

Four parties in Spain’s Frente Amplio coalition have proposed Ada Colau as their candidate for prime minister in the November 29 general election.

Colau is a former mayor of Barcelona and a prominent housing-rights activist.

The coalition currently includes Izquierda Unida, Más Madrid, Movimiento Sumar and Comuns.

Its announcement follows an agreement between Podemos and Catalan party ERC to campaign together in Catalonia.

Read full story →

EU warns long residence rules for public housing may discriminate

The European Commission says residence requirements longer than five years may breach EU law if they indirectly discriminate. The warning comes as Spanish regions consider “national priority” rules.

The Valencian government passed a law introducing residence-registration periods for applicants for protected housing.

Commissioner Magnus Brunner dated his response to Vicent Marzà’s question on residence requirements.

News outlets reported the Commission’s warning about possible indirect discrimination.

PP and Vox agreed that protected-home purchase aid in Castilla y León would include a 10-year registration requirement.

Spanish royal family leads 12 October parade in Madrid

King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia presided over Spain’s National Day military parade in Madrid, joined by Princess Leonor and Infanta Sofía. About 4,400 people took part.

Participants
About 4,400
Route
Glorieta del Emperador Carlos V to Plaza de Colón
Vehicles
144
Motorcycles
39

Madrid PP posts old video of journalist after she mocks Ayuso

The Madrid branch of Spain’s People’s Party posted an old video of journalist Sarah Santaolalla after she suggested Isabel Díaz Ayuso had been partying. Santaolalla says she may have been underage in the footage.

PP in the Community of Madrid Sarah Santaolalla

Response to the clip

The PP replied to Santaolalla’s comment about Ayuso by posting an old video of her dancing at a party.

Santaolalla said she was commenting on a public image, while the PP used a video from her private life.

Age and source of video

The PP’s posts, as described in the articles, did not explain how it obtained the video or state Santaolalla’s age in it.

Santaolalla said she did not know where the video came from and estimated she was 17 or 18; La Vanguardia describes her as 17.

Abascal urges Vox voters not to trust polls ahead of Spain’s Nov. 29 election

At a Vox campaign event in Estepona, Santiago Abascal urged supporters to vote and warned against trusting polls. He also accused the government of trying to influence the electorate.

World

Russia arrests Japanese journalist on suspicion of spying in Sakhalin

Russia’s Federal Security Service says it arrested a Japanese journalist in Sakhalin on suspicion of gathering information about Russian defense capabilities. The journalist was transferred to Moscow and placed in custody.

“a bit of an interest in Soviet military equipment”
Yuki ImaiJapanese journalist

Trump-Putin diesel deal draws Ukraine’s criticism as experts doubt price impact

The US temporarily eased sanctions on Russian diesel sales after Trump and Putin agreed to supply fuel. Analysts say the shipments are unlikely to bring down prices soon.

MI5 chief warns of threats from Russia, Iran and AI

Ken McCallum said Russia and Iran are expanding hostile activity against the UK, while AI is creating new risks. MI5 has launched a centre to assess AI threats.

Researchers search Nikumaroro for Amelia Earhart’s missing plane

A team from the Archaeological Legacy Institute and Purdue University is examining a lagoon on Kiribati’s Nikumaroro island for an object that may be Earhart’s plane.

EU expands membership talks with Ukraine and Moldova

The EU agreed to open talks with Ukraine and Moldova on the single market and competitiveness. Hungary dropped its objection to Ukraine’s move after Kyiv passed a law expanding minority language education rights.

Cornell suspends student events after sexual assault allegations

Cornell has suspended student-organization events for the rest of the school year after a former student sued over alleged sexual assault. A planned homecoming concert was canceled.

MI5 chief says Iran is seeking to target UK military sites

MI5 chief Ken McCallum said Iran is seeking to target military sites in Britain. A suspected plot at RAF Fairford is under investigation, and seven men have been arrested and released on bail.

MI5 chief Ken McCallum says Iran is seeking to target military sites in the UK.

He said this marks a shift beyond attacks on Iranian dissidents and Jewish sites, which Britain says have been targeted by Iranian proxies.

The warning comes as police investigate a suspected plot at RAF Fairford, a US-run base in western England used by US bombers during the war with Iran.

Police found gasoline in three vans near the base, but no explosives, and residents were evacuated during the response.

Read full story →

Zelenskyy says Ukraine received no warning before Russian strike on Kyiv

President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said Ukraine’s partners gave no early warning before five Russian ballistic missiles hit civilian infrastructure in Kyiv. He said warnings can help save lives.

Five Russian S-400 missiles struck Kyiv, and air raid sirens and mobile alerts sounded only after the attack.

Ukraine's military leadership contacted its U.S. counterparts to clarify what had happened, according to a senior Ukrainian official.

Zelenskyy said Ukraine had received no early warning from its partners before the strike.

Foreign Minister Andrii Sybiha said intelligence cooperation with the United States was continuing.

Six Flags closes nine coasters after fatal incident in Georgia

One person died and several were injured in an incident involving a coaster at Six Flags Over Georgia. Six Flags closed nine similar rides at six parks while authorities investigate.

Fatalities
One person died
Injuries
Several others were injured
Closures
Nine roller coasters at six parks
Investigation
Cobb County Police Department major crimes unit detectives

Ukrainian drone strikes disrupt three Yandex data centers

Drone attacks damaged three Yandex data centers in Russia, disrupting the company’s cloud and consumer services. Yandex has not given a reliable timeline for restoring full service.

Ukraine Russia

Reason for strikes

Ukraine said the attacks were a response to Russian strikes on Ukrainian data centers.

Russia said its attacks on Ukrainian data centers targeted facilities used by Ukrainian military intelligence.

Two stolen Renoirs recovered in France as police suspect another heist was planned

French investigators recovered two Renoir paintings worth about €4.2 million from behind a wall after the September theft. Four men face preliminary charges, and police said they feared another museum robbery was imminent.

Business

Starbucks denies plans to buy Chipotle

Starbucks said it is not planning to buy Chipotle, contradicting a Financial Times report that it had been working on a possible offer. Starbucks shares rose after the denial, while Chipotle shares fell.

“Starbucks is not buying Chipotle.”
Starbucks spokespersonCompany spokesperson

Social Security’s 2027 Cost-of-Living Increase Is Due for Announcement

U.S. officials are set to announce the 2027 Social Security cost-of-living adjustment on Oct. 14, after September inflation data is released. Forecasts put the increase at 3.5% or 3.6%.

JP Morgan raises Apple price target to $360 despite iPhone demand concerns

JP Morgan raised its Apple price target from $340 to $360, saying reported iPhone 18 Pro production cuts may reflect normal adjustments. It expects the iPhone Duo to help offset a delayed base-model launch.

Kroger plans to cut about 3,000 corporate roles over three years

Kroger says it will cut about 3,000 corporate roles over three years, citing efforts to simplify operations and adapt to technology. The company says it will invest in frontline workers.

Warner Music sues Ray-Ban owner over alleged use of its music in ads

Warner Music Group sued Luxottica and affiliated companies, alleging they used at least 427 Warner works in social media marketing without licenses or payment.

Apple reportedly cuts iPhone 18 Pro parts orders amid weaker demand

Apple has reportedly asked suppliers to reduce parts production for the iPhone 18 Pro and Pro Max. One account puts October order cuts at 15% to 20%.

Bumble reportedly in advanced talks for a $1bn takeover

Bumble shares rose almost 50% after a report that technology holding company Ithaca is in advanced talks to buy the dating app firm for around $1bn.

Bumble, a dating app company based in Texas, is reportedly in advanced talks to be bought by technology holding company Ithaca for around $1bn.

A deal could be announced as early as this week, according to the report.

Bumble shares rose almost 50% on Monday after the news, giving the company a market value of more than $580m.

That is still far below its value of more than $14bn after it listed on the Nasdaq in 2021.

Read full story →

Kalshi traders expect US inflation to stay high after a likely 2026 peak

Kalshi traders expect US inflation to remain elevated, with September CPI forecast at 3.6% year over year. They see limited odds of new highs this year.

An unexpectedly hot CPI reading of 3.8% led Kalshi markets to anticipate a possible peak of 4.8% in May.

Year-over-year inflation peaked at 4.2%, according to CNBC.

Year-over-year CPI rose 3.4%, according to CNBC.

Reports said Kalshi traders expected September CPI to rise 3.6% year over year.

UnitedHealth raises its profit forecast again as turnaround efforts advance

UnitedHealth raised its profit forecast again as its turnaround efforts gathered pace. No forecast figure or further details were provided.

Company
UnitedHealth
Forecast
Profit forecast raised again
Publication date
October 13, 2026

Mike Tomlin shares a 12-year Minecraft city project

The former Pittsburgh Steelers coach has launched a YouTube channel to show a sprawling city he built in Minecraft over 12 years.

Admirers of Tomlin’s project Critics of the project

Time spent

They admired his dedication to a project developed over 12 years.

They questioned whether Tomlin devoted too much time to his virtual city.

Sushi-Con 2026 draws crowds to New York expo

More than 60 companies took part in Sushi-Con 2026 in New York, where visitors sampled Japanese foods and watched a bluefin tuna-cutting show.

Science & Tech

Beats and Pokémon reveal Pikachu and Mimikyu edition of Beats Pill

Beats and The Pokémon Company revealed a special-edition Beats Pill featuring Pikachu and Mimikyu. It goes on sale October 15 for $149.99 in the United States.

“Pokémon Trainers are some of the most passionate in the world, and we saw an opportunity to channel that energy into something fun, unexpected, and created especially for fans.”
Chris ThorneBeats chief marketing officer

Google unveils Fitbit Edge with a screen, GPS and up to seven days of battery life

The Fitbit Edge adds a display, built-in GPS and health-tracking features to Google's fitness tracker lineup. It costs about $180 and goes on sale October 27.

Citroën unveils €15,000 electric 2CV concept planned for 2028

Citroën has shown an electric concept inspired by its classic 2CV, targeting a European-built production car priced around €15,000 by 2028. Its battery size and driving range are not yet known.

US public fast-charging network passes 80,000 ports

The US added 4,106 public fast-charging ports in the third quarter of 2026, taking the total to 80,964. New chargers increasingly offer higher power, while Tesla charging prices rose.

Nothing OS 5.0 with Android 17 starts rolling out to Phone (3)

Nothing has begun a staged rollout of its stable OS 5.0 update to Phone (3), bringing Android 17, a redesigned home screen and new features. Other eligible phones are due to follow through mid-January 2027.

Xiaomi tops AnTuTu’s September flagship and tablet rankings

In September AnTuTu rankings based on data from China, Xiaomi led the flagship phone and tablet categories, while Oppo topped the mid-range chart.

Apple unveils fourth-generation Apple TV 4K with A19 chip and Siri AI

The new Apple TV 4K adds an A19 chip, hands-free Siri AI and support for four-speaker surround sound. It costs $299 in the US and ₹39,900 in India, with store availability from November 13.

Apple has unveiled the fourth-generation Apple TV 4K, a streaming box for televisions, with a faster processor and new voice features.

The device uses an A19 chip that Apple says is 50% faster than the previous model’s processor, with twice the graphics performance.

Its three built-in microphones let users speak to Siri from across the room, and Siri AI can answer questions about what people are watching; its launch support in India is English only, with no Hindi.

The box also adds smart-home controls and lets users pair up to four compatible Apple speakers for surround sound.

Read full story →

Leak reveals Samsung smart glasses specs and 25 frame options

A leak details Samsung’s Android XR glasses, including reported hardware specs and frame designs from Gentle Monster and Warby Parker. A November launch is expected, but pricing is unknown.

Samsung first showcased the glasses during the Galaxy Z Fold 8 launch event, according to Android Police.

SammyGuru’s leak of reported specifications and frame designs was covered by 9to5Google and Android Police.

Teledyne FLIR unveils compact radar to detect and track drones

Teledyne FLIR Defense unveiled the Ranger R10-3DX, a compact radar designed to detect and track drones and other targets. It can detect micro drones at distances of up to three kilometers.

Radar model
Ranger R10-3DX
Maximum micro-drone detection range
Three kilometers
Pedestrian detection range
Beyond six kilometers
Vehicle detection range
Over 12 kilometers

OnePlus launches its 16 flagship phone in China with a 9,000mAh battery

The OnePlus 16 has launched in China with a 185Hz display, a 200-megapixel main camera and a 9,000mAh battery. Its China starting price is reported as 5,699 or 5,999 yuan.

Smart unveils two-seat electric #2 with up to 180 miles of range

The new Smart #2 revives the brand’s tiny two-seat car, targeting 180 miles of range and a 20-minute fast charge. European prices start at €19,990, with deliveries due in 2027.

Sports

Commanders and Giants tie after Washington fails to stop the clock in overtime

Washington let the clock expire while in field-goal range, ending its chance to beat New York. Coach Dan Quinn and quarterback Jayden Daniels accepted blame for the mistake.

“The sequence of that does not fall on him.”
Dan QuinnCommanders head coach

Penix says he hopes to play next week after rib injury

Atlanta quarterback Michael Penix Jr. left the Falcons’ overtime loss to Baltimore with a rib injury. He said he hopes to return next week, but further tests are planned.

49ers lead Week 6 NFL power rankings as several 0-5 teams struggle

The 49ers remain No. 1 in one Week 6 ranking, while the Vikings rise and the 0-5 Chargers, Titans and Dolphins sit near the bottom.

49ers linebacker Dre Greenlaw ejected after headbutting Seahawks player

Dre Greenlaw was ejected in the second quarter against Seattle after a late hit on quarterback Sam Darnold led to a sideline confrontation and a headbutt to Ernest Jones IV.

Jaguars left tackle Anton Harrison to have knee surgery

Anton Harrison will have arthroscopic surgery on his right knee after an injury against Philadelphia. His absence could last three to five weeks or the rest of the regular season.

Deebo Samuel expected to miss multiple weeks with hamstring injury

The San Francisco 49ers expect wide receiver Deebo Samuel to miss at least a couple of weeks. Nick Bosa could return from a calf injury against Washington in Week 6.

Marvin Harrison Jr. trade to Houston becomes official after physical

Harrison passed his physical and is now a Houston Texan. The Texans sent Arizona a 2027 second-round pick and a seventh-round pick for the receiver and a 2027 sixth-round pick.

Marvin Harrison Jr. has officially joined the Houston Texans after passing his physical on Monday.

The 24-year-old wide receiver was traded from the Arizona Cardinals, who selected him fourth overall in the 2024 draft.

Houston sent Arizona a 2027 second-round pick and a seventh-round pick, and received Harrison and a 2027 sixth-round pick.

Harrison reunites with quarterback C.J. Stroud, his former teammate at Ohio State.

Read full story →

UCLA quarterback Nico Iamaleava expected to miss season with knee injury

Nico Iamaleava is expected to miss the rest of UCLA's season after injuring his knee against Oregon. Coach Bob Chesney says medical evaluations will determine the final timeline.

Iamaleava landed awkwardly during a scramble against Oregon and was later replaced.

UCLA beat Oregon 17-15, improving to 5-0.

Chesney said medical evaluations would determine the final timeline for Iamaleava’s status.

CBS Sports reported that Iamaleava was expected to miss the remainder of the season.

Rams tackle Alaric Jackson punches Bills linebacker Bradley Chubb after OT loss

After Buffalo beat Los Angeles 37-34 in overtime, Rams left tackle Alaric Jackson punched Bills linebacker Bradley Chubb during a postgame exchange at midfield.

Final score
Bills 37, Rams 34
Game result
Buffalo won in overtime
Jackson's position
Rams left tackle
Chubb's position
Bills outside linebacker

Two players ejected after opening-kickoff fight in London

Jacksonville’s Bryan Thomas Jr. and Philadelphia’s Jeremiah Trotter Jr. were ejected after fighting during the opening kickoff. A 90-yard Jaguars return for a touchdown was called back because of penalties.

NFL playoff projections shift after the season’s first five weeks

Early projections put the Patriots and 49ers among the stronger playoff contenders, while the Cowboys and Chargers face weaker odds. The 14-team postseason begins in January.

Entertainment

Four Beatles films planned for release across April 2028

Sam Mendes’ four Beatles films are planned for release a week apart in April 2028. Producer Pippa Harris says viewers can watch them across the month, rather than all in one day.

“The idea at the moment is the films will come out in 2028, and we want people to be able to experience them in the cinema during the same period.”
Pippa HarrisProducer and Neal Street Productions co-founder

Apple announces Vision Pro horror film Remnants for October 16

Remnants, a horror film by writer and director Ti West, will be released exclusively on Apple Vision Pro on October 16 in Apple’s immersive video format.

IDFA to open with film following Myanmar resistance recruits in training

The 39th IDFA documentary festival in Amsterdam will open with the world premiere of “White Tiger Column,” following recruits through 45 days of training with Myanmar’s resistance movement.

Netflix sets November 12, 2026, release for Swedish rom-com The Christmas Switch

The Christmas Switch, starring twin actresses Felice and Happy Jankell as sisters who trade lives before Christmas, will premiere on Netflix on November 12, 2026.

‘14th’ Leads Critics Choice Documentary Awards Nominations With Six

Ava DuVernay’s “14th” leads the 2026 Critics Choice Documentary Awards nominations with six. Winners will be announced at a Manhattan gala on November 8.

Documentary examines Elizabeth Holmes and the Theranos fraud

A new documentary follows Elizabeth Holmes as it revisits Theranos’ failed blood-testing claims and the fraud that brought down the company.

‘The Social Reckoning’ opens with $5.5 million in domestic ticket sales

Aaron Sorkin’s follow-up to ‘The Social Network’ earned $5.5 million in US theaters on its opening weekend, far below the earlier film’s $22 million debut.

Aaron Sorkin’s ‘The Social Reckoning’ opened to $5.5 million in US ticket sales over the weekend, far below expectations.

The film follows the 2010 hit ‘The Social Network,’ which opened with $22 million, and focuses on whistleblower Frances Haugen’s leaks about Facebook.

The new film received mixed-to-negative reviews, with a 55% Rotten Tomatoes rating and a B- CinemaScore from opening-weekend audiences.

Its weaker start may reflect both its darker subject and the absence of the original film’s director, David Fincher, and star Jesse Eisenberg.

Read full story →

Ben Affleck calls Justice League reshoots the low point of his career

Ben Affleck says the Justice League reshoots were a low point in his career, criticizing how Zack Snyder was replaced after stepping away from the film.

Zack Snyder left Justice League after his daughter died.

Joss Whedon took over directing duties and oversaw reshoots.

Justice League was released theatrically.

Snyder’s version of Justice League was released as a four-hour extended cut.

UGC schedules rival Bordeaux film festival during FIFIB dates

UGC will hold its own festival in Bordeaux from 2 to 8 November, overlapping with the independent FIFIB festival. The move follows the end of a 13-year partnership between them.

UGC event
The Big Screen
UGC event dates
2 to 8 November
FIFIB dates
2 to 7 November
UGC cinemas
Gambetta, Bassins à flot and Talence

Tom Cruise’s Digger could lose about $245 million at the box office

The satire has made about $35 million worldwide so far, and analysts say Warner Bros could lose around $245 million. The studio disputes the reported break-even figure.

Warner Bros. Hollywood analysts

Break-even estimate

Warner Bros. told Variety the film needs $300 million to break even.

Analysts said it needs about $350 million to break even.

Georgia Oakley’s ‘Sense and Sensibility’ brings Austen’s novel to the screen

Georgia Oakley’s new adaptation stars Daisy Edgar-Jones and Esmé Creed-Miles as the Dashwood sisters, whose family falls into poverty and faces romantic upheaval.

Health

BioNTech cancer vaccine misses one goal in pivotal trial

BioNTech’s experimental mRNA vaccine for head and neck cancer failed to meet one of two primary goals in a pivotal trial.

“support continued evaluation”
Özlem TüreciBioNTech co-founder and chief medical officer

Suspected cholera cases triple in Yemen amid renewed fighting

Yemen has recorded 8,034 suspected cholera cases and 27 deaths this year. Cases tripled in three weeks as fighting displaced people into unsanitary camps.

Kudumbashree promotes local nutritious foods during Poshan Maah in Kozhikode

Kudumbashree in Kozhikode is holding food festivals and cooking contests to promote nutritious dishes made with local millets, tubers and leaves during Poshan Maah.

Review finds insufficient evidence for medicinal cannabis to treat insomnia

A review of nine trials involving 537 adults found too little reliable evidence to recommend medicinal cannabis for insomnia. The findings do not prove the products are ineffective.

EU regions urge stronger local role in cardiovascular health strategy

The EU Committee of the Regions unanimously adopted recommendations calling for more prevention and greater involvement of local authorities in European cardiovascular health efforts.

Flu season is starting early, raising questions about vaccination

Flu season is kicking off early. The story raises the question of whether people are getting vaccinated but gives no further details.

DEA proposes strict controls on concentrated kratom compounds

The DEA has proposed emergency restrictions on four kratom-linked substances, while Michigan lawmakers consider whether to ban kratom or regulate its sale.

The DEA has proposed emergency restrictions on four kratom-linked substances found in some concentrated products.

The proposal would place the substances in Schedule I, the federal category for drugs considered to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use in the United States.

Kratom comes from a tree native to Southeast Asia and is sold in the United States in products such as powders, capsules and liquids.

It is marketed for pain relief and other uses, but as an herbal supplement it does not face the same safety testing rules as prescription medicines.

Read full story →

Sixth measles-related death reported in Pennsylvania

A 39-year-old unvaccinated woman in Franklin County is the sixth person reported to have died in Pennsylvania amid the state’s largest measles outbreak in three decades.

Pennsylvania announced the first two measles-related deaths, both infants in Lancaster County.

A 40-year-old woman in Jefferson County and an 18-year-old Mifflin County resident died after measles-related complications.

The Philadelphia Inquirer reported the fifth death, involving a 20-year-old woman with a compromised immune system.

Pennsylvania reported the sixth death, involving a 39-year-old woman in Franklin County.

Higher physical activity linked to slower decline in Parkinson’s study

A study following 294 people with Parkinson’s for up to seven years linked higher activity levels with slower declines in thinking and movement. It does not prove exercise caused the difference.

Participants
294 adults with mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease
Average age
66
Follow-up
Up to seven years
Activity groups
Up to four hours, four to eight hours, and more than eight hours weekly

Muscle and liver cells may retain benefits of past exercise

Research suggests muscle and liver cells retain a memory of exercise after training stops. This may help people regain fitness faster when they return to exercise.

Traditional view of exercise adaptation Exercise-memory research

Effects of a break

Muscle gains and insulin sensitivity can drift back toward their starting levels, often within weeks.

Cells may retain memories of earlier training during a period without exercise.

Regaining fitness

The traditional “use it or lose it” view implies that benefits fade when training stops.

People with a training history may get fit again faster, and previously trained mice grew bigger muscles when they retrained.

Large study finds abrupt shifts in health markers at menopause

A study of more than one million women found sudden changes in several health markers around menopause. Researchers say the findings are observational and need further study.