3 weeks ago
Singapore's Million Tree Plan Can Slash AC Bills, Scientists Find
Singapore is planting a million trees to help cool down the city.
Trees give shade, which makes streets and people feel less hot on sunny days.
Scientists found that shade can make people feel about 3 degrees cooler, even if the air temperature only drops a little.
The biggest savings come when trees shade buildings, not just streets, because that lowers the need for air conditioning.
In hot and humid Singapore, this could cut cooling electricity use by 6 to 9 per cent.
In drier cities like Riyadh and Phoenix, the savings are even bigger, around 17 per cent.
But there is a catch: trees add moisture to the air in humid places, and removing that moisture uses extra power.
So the best amount of trees is around 40 per cent coverage, not more.
Also, too many trees can trap heat at night or block cool breezes.
Overall, trees help, but the details matter for how much they save.
The often-cited 2.6°C cooling claim for tree-shaded streets originated from a 2013 study in Dresden, Germany, not from Singapore measurements.
Singapore's Cooling Singapore catalogue estimates tree-shaded streets cool by 0.9 to 2.6°C against an urban heat island effect averaging about 4°C.
A December 2024 study of 20 paired sites found all shade forms reduced heat stress, with the Universal Thermal Climate Index dropping an average of 3.1 degrees.
March 2025 modelling found electricity savings come mainly from shade on buildings, averaging 6 to 9 per cent in Singapore versus roughly 17 per cent in Riyadh and Phoenix.
Cooling benefits peak at about 40 per cent tree cover, and tree canopy can trap heat overnight or block cooling breezes in wind corridors.
- Who
- Researchers including Lei Xu, Ronita Bardhan, and Naika Meili, along with Singapore's Cooling Singapore project planners.
- What
- Studies examined how Singapore's million-tree plan shades streets and buildings, reducing heat stress and electricity use for cooling.
- Where
- Singapore, with comparisons to hot cities worldwide including Riyadh and Phoenix; the cooling figure's origin is Dresden, Germany.
- When
- Key studies were published in December 2024 and March 2025; the original 2.6°C cooling figure dates to a 2013 Dresden study.
- Why
- To mitigate Singapore's urban heat island effect and reduce the electricity costs of cooling a hot, humid city.
Key facts
- Street shade cooling estimate
- 0.9 to 2.6°C (Cooling Singapore catalogue)
- Origin of 2.6°C figure
- 2013 study by Sten Gillner in Dresden, Germany
- Urban heat island effect in Singapore
- Averages about 4°C, can exceed 7°C during certain hours
- Heat stress reduction (Dec 2024 study)
- Universal Thermal Climate Index dropped average 3.1 degrees
- Modelled cooling energy savings in Singapore
- 6 to 9 per cent
- Modelled savings in dry cities
- About 17 per cent (Riyadh and Phoenix)
- Optimal tree cover
- About 40 per cent before humidity offsets savings
- Singapore's average wind speed
- Below 3 metres per second









