3D printers can release particles and gases, even when using PLA

3D printers that heat filament release tiny particles and gases into the air, including when they use PLA, a commonly recommended filament.

The emissions can include particles that reach deep into the respiratory system and volatile organic compounds, some of which may be harmful to breathe.

Tests found that ABS produced more particles than conventional PLA, but emissions vary with the filament, printer temperature and additives.

Laboratory studies observed changes linked to inflammation and cell stress after airway cells were exposed to printer emissions, but they did not establish the effects of long-term exposure at home or a safe level for bedrooms.

Resin printers have different risks: uncured resin can cause skin reactions or asthma, and washing and curing can add exposure to solvents.

A separate room or workshop with ventilation that exhausts outdoors is a better place for a printer than a bedroom or desk, and an enclosure ducted outside can capture emissions near the machine.

Filters can help with particles or some gases, but they do not make a poorly ventilated room automatically safe; people should also limit time near a running printer and keep it away from flammable materials.

If there is no suitable space, a local printing service may be a practical alternative.