3 weeks ago
Race to Decipher the 4,000-Year-Old Indus Valley Script
Thousands of years ago, people in a place called the Indus Valley wrote on tiny stone seals and tablets.
Today, nobody knows how to read their writing, so it is like a secret code that has stayed locked for about 4,000 years.
In January 2025, the leader of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu offered a prize of one million dollars to anyone who could crack the code.
Suddenly, many people wanted to try, including professors, computer programmers, and even a 17-year-old student.
A scientist named Rajesh P N Rao got around 200 emails from people who said they had solved it, but their answers were all very different.
Some people now use computers and artificial intelligence to look for patterns in the signs.
One programmer in Texas thinks the writing is an old form of Sanskrit, but other experts disagree and say we need to study the ancient objects more carefully.
A Canadian researcher who worked on the script for decades says we may never fully read it, because some signs appear only once.
No one has been proven correct yet, so the ancient mystery continues.
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin announced a $1 million prize in January 2025 for anyone who successfully deciphers the Indus Valley script.
Seattle-based computer scientist Rajesh P N Rao received around 200 email claims of decipherment in the first two months after the announcement.
Researchers from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) found the script's statistical structure resembles natural languages more closely than non-linguistic systems.
Canadian epigrapher Bryan Wells and Berlin-based geodesist Andreas Fuls built a database of the script with 30 tables and 1.4 million data points, noting about 300 signs occur only once.
Texas-based programmer Bharat Rao claims the script encodes Vedic Sanskrit, but experts say decipherment requires archaeological context and scholarly consensus.
- Who
- Computer scientists, archaeologists, epigraphers and amateurs worldwide, including Rajesh P N Rao, Bryan Wells, Nisha Yadav, Asko Parpola and Bharat Rao, racing to decipher the Indus script.
- What
- A renewed international race to crack the undeciphered 4,000-year-old Indus Valley script, intensified by a $1 million prize from the Tamil Nadu government.
- Where
- Tamil Nadu, India, where the prize was announced and linked archaeological finds were reported; researchers are based in the US, Finland, Canada, Germany, the UK and India.
- When
- Since January 2025, when Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin announced the prize; decipherment efforts date back to the script's discovery in 1924.
- Why
- The $1 million reward and a Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department study linking Indus signs to graffiti found at archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu revived interest in the century-old puzzle.
Technology and AI advocates
Traditional archaeologists and epigraphers
Approach to decipherment
Technology and AI advocates
Artificial intelligence, machine learning and statistical methods can finally solve the puzzle by finding patterns in the data without human bias.
Traditional archaeologists and epigraphers
AI decipherment is futile unless the language of the script is known, and the script can only be understood within its archaeological context.
Language behind the script
Technology and AI advocates
Texas-based programmer Bharat Rao claims the script encodes Vedic Sanskrit and that the seals spell names of deities such as Rudra, based on a mathematical cryptographic model.
Traditional archaeologists and epigraphers
Bengaluru-based computer scientist Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay concluded the script does not phonetically spell words of any language, and many link the signs to Dravidian traditions rather than Sanskrit.
Value of the $1 million prize
Technology and AI advocates
The prize renewed public interest, drew new researchers including young amateurs to the script, and left many claimants eager to try.
Traditional archaeologists and epigraphers
Because scholars will always disagree about any decipherment, the Tamil Nadu government would likely never have to actually pay out the million dollars.
Key facts
- Reward
- $1 million prize announced by the Tamil Nadu government for deciphering the Indus script
- Prize announced by
- Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin in January 2025
- Script age
- Around 4,000 years old
- Civilisation discovered
- Indus Civilisation first announced in 1924
- Known texts
- About 5,500 texts, more than half found on seals
- Decipherment claims
- About 200 emails to Rajesh Rao in two months; at least 60 claims received at the Roja Muthiah Research Library (RMRL)
- Largest database
- 30 tables and 1.4 million data points built by Bryan Wells and Andreas Fuls since 2008
- Latest claimant
- Bharat Rao says the script encodes Vedic Sanskrit, including deity names such as Rudra
Quotes
Rajesh P N Rao
Seattle‑based computer scientist leading a public race to decode the Indus script
“"Right now, everyone is just working on their own, with their pet theories, refusing to talk to others. Most are after some personal glory, or perhaps a million dollars."”
indianexpress.com
“"I’ve created a powerful algorithm and it is operating at 99.1%… Let this email message serve as my claim to the prize for translating the Indus Valley Script."”
indianexpress.com
Nisha Yadav
Science Communication & Publication Officer at TIFR, researcher on statistical patterns in the Indus script
“"We can write in the Indus script, but we cannot read it."”
indianexpress.com









