Archive · 24 Dec 2025
India's Debt Crisis: Rising Loans and Stagnant Incomes
Many middle-class people in India are struggling with too much debt.
Almost half of them have loans from more than one lender, and some even have loans from three or more.
The interest rates on these loans are quite high, often over 10%.
At the same time, their incomes are not growing as fast as their debt.
This means they are stuck in a cycle where they owe more money every year than they can afford to pay back.
However, there are some good signs too.
The amount of money being lent out for personal and home loans is increasing, and public sector banks are playing a bigger role in this.
The government is also encouraging banks to lend more responsibly and support small businesses.
The central bank of India, the RBI, has reported this in their latest review, showing that this is a big problem for many families, but there are efforts to improve the situation.
Nearly half of Indians taking personal loans have multiple outstanding loans, often from three or more lenders.
68% of individuals taking a personal loan of less than ₹50,000 have more than three live loans at origination.
12% of all borrowers have loans from three or more lenders.
The effective interest rate for these households is over 10%, growing faster than their income.
Middle-class household incomes are rising at a rate of high single digits, making it hard to keep up with debt.
- Who
- Middle-class Indians taking personal loans
- What
- Debt trap due to multiple outstanding loans and high interest rates, with signs of recovery in loan disbursements
- When
- Current situation as per RBI's June 2025 Financial Stability Review and JM Financial's report in Q2 FY26
- Where
- India
- Why
- Rising debt burden growing faster than income due to multiple loans and high interest rates, while loan disbursements show early signs of recovery
- Percentage of borrowers with multiple loans
- 68%
- Percentage of borrowers with loans from 3+ lenders
- 12%
- Average interest rate for prime borrowers
- 10%
- Annual income growth rate for middle-class households
- High single digits
- Percentage of Indians with multiple outstanding loans
- Nearly 50%
- Personal loan disbursement growth in H1 FY26
- 23% YoY
- Personal loan disbursement growth in Q2 FY26
- 35% YoY
- PSBs' market share in personal loans (Q2 FY26)
- 36%
- Average personal loan ticket size (Q2 FY26)
- Rs 7,17,000
- Home loan disbursement growth in H1 FY26
- 11% YoY
- Home loan disbursement growth in Q2 FY26
- 14% YoY
- PSBs' share in home loan origination (Q2 FY26)
- 50%
- Portfolio at Risk (PAR) 31-90 in Q2 FY26
- 1.6%
Sources
The debt explosion in middle-class India
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