Archive · 12 Nov 2025
Astronomers Search for Planet Nine in the Outer Solar System
Imagine our solar system is like a big backyard.
We know about the Sun and the planets that play close to it, like Earth and Mars.
Neptune is the last of these known planets.
Beyond Neptune, there's a huge, cold, and dark area filled with icy rocks, kind of like a backyard shed full of old toys from when the solar system was built.
Pluto used to be called a planet, but scientists decided it's more like a toy in that shed, so now it's called a dwarf planet.
Some scientists think there might be an even bigger, hidden planet out there, far beyond Neptune, called Planet Nine.
They believe its gravity might be making some of the icy toys in the shed move in a funny way.
No one has seen this Planet Nine yet, but scientists are using powerful new tools to look for it.
They are also still exploring the icy shed to find more hidden worlds.
Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto in 1930 using a blinking comparator.
Beyond Neptune lies the Kuiper Belt, a region of icy remnants from the solar system's formation.
Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 by the IAU because it has not cleared its orbital neighborhood.
A hypothetical Planet Nine, estimated to be 5-10 times Earth's mass, is proposed to explain the unusual orbits of some Kuiper Belt objects.
New observatories like the Vera C. Rubin Observatory are expected to significantly advance the search for distant celestial bodies.
- Who
- Astronomers, including Clyde Tombaugh, David Jewitt, Jane Luu, Konstantin Batygin, and Mike Brown
- What
- Searching for hypothetical Planet Nine and other celestial bodies in the outer solar system, and reclassifying Pluto as a dwarf planet.
- When
- Pluto discovered in 1930; Eris discovered in 2005; Planet Nine proposed in 2016; New Horizons flew past Pluto in 2015.
- Where
- The outer solar system, including the Kuiper Belt and potentially the Oort Cloud.
- Why
- To understand the structure of our solar system, find undiscovered celestial bodies, and resolve anomalies in the orbits of distant objects.
Evidence for Planet Nine
Skepticism about Planet Nine
Orbital Anomalies of Kuiper Belt Objects
Evidence for Planet Nine
A cluster of distant Kuiper Belt objects exhibit similar, highly elongated orbits, suggesting they are being shepherded by the gravity of an unseen massive planet (Planet Nine).
Skepticism about Planet Nine
The observed orbital pattern of Kuiper Belt objects could be a result of random chance or the combined gravitational influence of many smaller bodies, rather than a single large planet.
- Discoverer of Pluto
- Clyde Tombaugh
- Year Pluto Discovered
- 1930
- Region Beyond Neptune
- Kuiper Belt
- Proposed Planet Nine Mass
- Five to ten times the mass of Earth
- Proposed Planet Nine Orbit
- Perhaps 20 times farther from the Sun than Neptune
- New Horizons Mission
- Flew past Pluto in 2015, revealing an active, icy world
- Future Observatories
- Vera C. Rubin Observatory expected to map celestial objects with high precision