Archive · 2 Oct 2026
Indian Factories Cut Investment as Employment Reaches Record High
Indian factories hired more people than ever in FY25.
However, they spent less on new buildings, machines, and equipment.
New investment fell 8% from the previous year.
This suggests many factories added workers while using facilities they already had.
The amount produced by each worker changed very little.
Factory profits rose by 5%, while wages rose by 5.3%.
An economist linked the investment slowdown to unusually high investment in the previous two years and weaker demand in some consumer-goods markets.
He also said investment in industries such as steel and power can happen in large bursts rather than every year.
Gross fixed capital formation in Indian factories fell 8% to ₹63,497 crore in FY25, the first decline since FY21.
Manufacturing employment reached a record high despite the investment slowdown.
Fixed capital per worker grew 3.1%, down from 5.9% in FY24, indicating greater use of existing capacity.
Worker productivity fell 0.4% in FY24 and rose only 0.5% in FY25, an unusually weak two-year stretch in ASI records.
Profit per factory rose 5% to ₹4.33 crore, while wages per worker increased 5.3% to ₹2.28 lakh in FY25.
- Who
- Indian registered factories, manufacturing workers, the Annual Survey of Industries, and economist Madan Sabnavis.
- What
- Factories reduced gross fixed capital formation by 8% in FY25 while manufacturing employment reached a record high.
- When
- Financial year 2024-25, with ASI data published after a one-year lag.
- Where
- India, with state-level results reported for states including Odisha, Sikkim, and Gujarat.
- Why
- The slowdown was attributed by Madan Sabnavis to a base effect after two years of strong capital formation, weaker private-sector and consumer-goods investment, demand pressures, and the uneven timing of infrastructure investment.
Investment slowdown as adjustment
Employment-led factory expansion
Meaning of lower investment
Investment slowdown as adjustment
The slowdown may reflect a base effect after unusually strong capital formation in FY23 and FY24, along with weaker private-sector and consumer-goods investment.
Employment-led factory expansion
Factories continued expanding employment, suggesting that businesses were using existing capacity rather than immediately building new facilities.
Effect on productivity
Investment slowdown as adjustment
Weak capital addition coincided with productivity falling 0.4% in FY24 and rising only 0.5% in FY25.
Employment-led factory expansion
Record employment and rising profits indicate that factories still expanded activity, even though output per worker showed little improvement.
- Gross fixed capital formation
- Fell 8% in FY25 to ₹63,497 crore.
- Previous investment growth
- GFCF rose 77% in FY23 and 18% in FY24.
- Employment
- Manufacturing employment reached a record high in FY25.
- Fixed capital per worker
- Rose 3.1% in FY25, compared with 5.9% in FY24.
- Worker productivity
- Fell 0.4% in FY24 and rose 0.5% in FY25.
- Profit and wages
- Profit per factory rose 5% to ₹4.33 crore; wages per worker rose 5.3% to ₹2.28 lakh.
- Highest state productivity
- Odisha recorded output of ₹1.42 crore per person engaged in FY25.
