Archive · 16 Nov 2025
Rising Female Labor Force Participation May Indicate Distress, Not Empowerment
Imagine lots more moms and grandmas in India are starting to do jobs, which sounds like great news because it means they might have more say in things and more money.
This has been happening for a few years, especially in the countryside.
But, some smart people looked closely at what kinds of jobs these women are doing.
They found that fewer women are getting steady jobs with good pay and more are doing things like helping out on a family farm without pay or working for themselves in small ways.
These types of jobs often don't pay much and aren't very secure.
It's like saying people are 'working more' but not necessarily 'earning better' or having 'safer jobs'.
This might mean families are struggling and need everyone to earn something, rather than women choosing to work because they have great new opportunities.
So, while the numbers show more women working, it might be a sign that times are tough for many families.
Female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) and Worker Population Ratio (WPR) have seen a sustained rise in India, particularly for rural women, for several months.
While overall female WPR increased from 19.2% in 2017-18 to 33.8% in 2023-24, economists question if this signifies economic empowerment.
A significant portion of recent employment growth has been in self-employment and unpaid family work, with a decline in regular salaried jobs and stagnating real earnings for the self-employed.
The percentage of women in regular waged work has decreased, while the share in unpaid household helpers and own-account workers has increased.
Analysts suggest the rise in female participation may be distress-driven due to economic necessity and a lack of quality job opportunities, rather than genuine empowerment, and doesn't align with the ILO's agenda of decent work.
- Who
- Indian women, particularly in rural areas, and economists.
- What
- An analysis of the rising female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) and Worker Population Ratio (WPR), examining whether it signifies economic empowerment or necessity-driven employment.
- When
- Data primarily covers trends from 2017-18 to 2023-24, with reference to a September 2025 PLFS bulletin.
- Where
- India, with specific focus on rural and urban areas.
- Why
- To understand the underlying reasons for the increase in female labor force participation and its implications for economic inclusion and empowerment.
Optimistic View: Economic Inclusion
Critical View: Necessity-Driven Employment
Interpretation of Rising Female LFPR and WPR
Optimistic View: Economic Inclusion
The latest PLFS bulletin suggests that rising Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) and Worker Population Ratio (WPR) for women, particularly in rural areas, indicate increasing economic inclusion and sustained growth.
Critical View: Necessity-Driven Employment
While LFPR and WPR are rising, this increase may not signify economic empowerment. It could reflect women being driven into the workforce out of necessity due to a lack of quality employment opportunities.
Nature of Employment Growth
Optimistic View: Economic Inclusion
The Economic Survey highlights an increase in self-employment among women, particularly in rural areas, as a significant move towards independent work and entrepreneurship.
Critical View: Necessity-Driven Employment
Studies suggest that much of India's employment growth, especially self-employment, has occurred in precarious, low-earning roles like unpaid family work or own-account work, with a decline in regular salaried jobs, indicating a lack of quality employment opportunities.
Implications of Employment Trends
Optimistic View: Economic Inclusion
The data shows an increase in employment and a decrease in unemployment, signaling positive economic activity.
Critical View: Necessity-Driven Employment
The disaggregated data shows a decline in regular waged work and an increase in unpaid household help and own-account work. This pattern, similar to past periods of agrarian distress, suggests women are taking up insecure, low-paid jobs due to economic strain rather than genuine empowerment, failing to meet the ILO's agenda of decent work.
- Rural Female WPR (2017-18)
- 17.1%
- Rural Female WPR (2023-24)
- 38.1%
- Urban Female WPR (2017-18)
- 20.1%
- Urban Female WPR (2023-24)
- 36.3%
- Overall Female WPR (2017-18)
- 19.2%
- Overall Female WPR (2023-24)
- 33.8%
- Women in Regular Waged Work (2017-18)
- 21%
- Women in Regular Waged Work (2023-24)
- 15.9%
- Women in Unpaid Household Help (2017-18)
- 31.7%
- Women in Unpaid Household Help (2023-24)
- 36.7%
- Women as Own-Account Workers (2017-18)
- approx. 20%
- Women as Own-Account Workers (2023-24)
- 30.7%