Archive · 16 Dec 2025
Canada Overhauls Citizenship by Descent Rules
Canada has changed its rules about who can become a Canadian citizen if they were born outside the country.
Before, there was a rule called the 'First-Generation Limit' that made it hard for some people to get citizenship.
Now, this rule is gone, and Canadian parents who were born outside Canada can pass citizenship to their children born outside Canada.
But, the parent has to show they have strong ties to Canada by living there for at least three years before the child is born or adopted.
This change also helps children who were born between 2009 and 2025 and were not able to get citizenship because of the old rule.
They are now automatically recognized as Canadian citizens and can apply for a citizenship certificate.
This change makes it fairer for Canadian families who live both in and outside Canada.
It is especially important for families of Indian origin, as many Canadians of Indian origin live and raise families outside Canada, including in India.
Canada has removed the 'First-Generation Limit' for citizenship by descent, effective 15 December 2025.
Canadian parents born abroad can now pass citizenship to their children born abroad if they meet the 'Substantial Connection' test.
The 'Substantial Connection' test requires a cumulative total of 1,095 days (three years) of physical presence in Canada before the child's birth or adoption.
Children born between 2009 and 2025 to Canadian parents affected by the earlier rule are now automatically recognized as Canadian citizens.
Adopted children born abroad and adopted by Canadian parents were also previously subject to the 'First-Generation Limit' restrictions.
- Who
- People born on or before 15 December 2025, who would have been Canadian citizens if not for the 'first-generation limit' or other outdated rules
- What
- Canada has eased rules on citizenship by descent, removing the 'First-Generation Limit' and introducing a 'Substantial Connection' test
- When
- The legislation came into effect on 15 December 2025
- Where
- Canada
- Why
- To modernize laws related to citizenship by descent and be reflective of how Canadian families live today, both in and outside Canada
- Legislation
- Bill C-3, An Act to Amend the Citizenship Act (2025)
- Effective Date
- 15 December 2025
- First-Generation Limit
- Removed
- Substantial Connection Test
- 1,095 days (three years) of physical presence in Canada before child's birth or adoption
- Retrospective Restoration
- Children born between 2009 and 2025 to Canadian parents affected by the earlier rule are now automatically recognized as Canadian citizens
- Adopted Children
- Previously subject to the 'First-Generation Limit' restrictions
- Impact on Indians
- Thousands of Canadians of Indian origin living abroad may now qualify for citizenship
Sources
Canada eases rules on citizenship by descent — What changes for Canadian parents, children born abroad?
Canada’s new citizenship by descent rule take effect – What Bill C-3 means for Indians
Canada enacts new citizenship rules: Here's what changes for newborns, adopted; Impact on Indians
Canada’s new citizenship rules kick in; who qualifies