Archive · 2 Jan 2026
India's fertility rate drops below replacement level
India's fertility rate has dropped to 1.9, which is lower than the 2.1 needed for the population to replace itself.
This means that in the future, there might be fewer people in India.
Some people are worried about this because they think it might affect the economy and the number of workers.
Politicians and religious leaders are asking people to have more children, but this is making women feel like they are being controlled.
In the past, the government tried to control the population by making people have fewer children, which sometimes led to bad things happening, like women dying during sterilisation procedures.
Now, the focus should be on giving women the freedom to make their own choices about having children, without any pressure or control.
India's fertility rate has fallen to 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1.
The decline in fertility rate has been observed in both urban and rural areas.
Politicians and religious figures are urging couples to have more children, sometimes invoking cultural or patriotic motives.
Women continue to be treated as instruments to serve demographic goals rather than as individuals with personal freedom.
The governance of fertility is influenced by family, community, market forces, and the state, often constraining women's autonomy.
- Who
- Indian women, particularly those from poor, marginalised, and rural communities
- What
- India's fertility rate has fallen to 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1
- When
- The decline in fertility rate has been observed in recent data, with projections suggesting a population decline from the 2060s or 2080
- Where
- India, with a focus on rural areas and states with two-child policies
- Why
- The shift in fertility rate has led to new anxieties about economic sustainability and political representation, with women's reproductive autonomy being compromised in the process
- Fertility Rate
- 1.9
- Replacement Level
- 2.1
- Projected Population Decline
- 2060s or 2080
- States with Two-Child Policies
- Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh
- Year of Chhattisgarh Sterilisation Tragedy
- 2014
- Number of Women Affected in 2014
- 15
- Projected Population Peak
- 163 crore by 2050