Archive · 24 Jul 2026
35 Years of Liberalisation: India's Economic Transformation Since 1991
Thirty-five years ago, on July 24, 1991, India's Finance Minister Manmohan Singh gave a very important speech about the country's budget.
He said that India needed to make big changes to its economy to stop living beyond its means.
This speech started a series of reforms that opened up India's economy, allowing more private businesses and foreign investment.
Over the years, these changes have helped India grow into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.
Today, India is the third-largest economy when you consider the purchasing power of its people.
However, there are still calls for more reforms to keep up with other countries like China and to make India less dependent on imports.
On July 24, 1991, Finance Minister Manmohan Singh announced sweeping economic reforms in his Budget speech.
Key reforms included FDI liberalisation, banking reforms, fiscal adjustment, and the establishment of SEBI.
India has since become the third-largest economy in PPP terms, with a share of 8.5% of the world economy.
Per capita income in India rose to 45% of the world average in 2025 and is projected to continue rising.
There are calls for further reforms to sustain economic growth and competitiveness.
- Who
- Finance Minister Manmohan Singh
- What
- Announcement of economic reforms in the 1991 Budget speech
- When
- July 24, 1991
- Where
- India
- Why
- To transform India's economic trajectory and usher in the era of liberalisation
Pro-Reform Advocates
Reform Skeptics
Need for Further Reforms
Pro-Reform Advocates
Pro-reform advocates argue that further liberalisation, including FDI liberalisation and GST expansion, is necessary to sustain economic growth and competitiveness.
Reform Skeptics
Skeptics caution that rapid reforms may lead to economic instability and social disruption, advocating for a more gradual approach.
- Date of Budget Speech
- July 24, 1991
- Finance Minister
- Manmohan Singh
- Key Reforms
- FDI liberalisation, banking reforms, fiscal adjustment, corporate tax review, SEBI establishment
- Current Economic Status
- Third-largest economy in PPP terms, 8.5% of world economy
- Projected Economic Share
- 9.7% by 2030
- Per Capita Income
- 45% of world average in 2025
- World Savings Share
- 10.3%
- World Investment Share
- 10.8%