Archive · 11 Aug 2026
India Opens Its Nuclear Power Sector to Private Participation
India has decided to let private companies help build and run its nuclear power plants.
For a very long time, only the government was allowed to operate nuclear power in India.
The country's nuclear energy program has grown very slowly, and nuclear power produces only a small part of India's electricity.
The government passed a new law called the SHANTI Act to change this.
The law lets private companies take part in areas that are not related to national secrets.
The government will still keep control over the most important and sensitive parts.
It also gives the safety watchdog, the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, a stronger legal role for the first time.
Big Indian companies like Tata, Reliance, Adani and Jindal have said they want to join.
The change is meant to help India reach its big clean energy goals in the future.
India's Parliament passed the SHANTI Act, enabling structured private participation in the civilian nuclear power sector while retaining state oversight of strategic assets.
India's installed nuclear capacity is about 8 GW and contributes just 2-3% of the country's electricity mix.
The nuclear capacity target was recalibrated from 60 GW by 2032 to 22.5 GW, with a new 100 GW target announced for 2047.
The SHANTI Act gives the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, established in 1983, a statutory footing for the first time.
Rules for private licensing are still being drafted, but corporate houses including Adani, Tata, Reliance and Jindal have signaled intent to enter nuclear operations.
- Who
- India's Parliament, which passed the SHANTI Act; the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), the state-owned operator; and private groups including Tata, Adani, Reliance and Jindal.
- What
- The opening of India's civilian nuclear power sector to structured private participation via the SHANTI Act, which also gives the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board statutory footing.
- When
- Shortly after Parliament passed the SHANTI Act (the article provides no specific date).
- Where
- India.
- Why
- Because the state monopoly model could not deliver the capacity, financing and execution needed to meet India's energy security and decarbonisation goals, including a 100 GW nuclear target by 2047.
Private Participation Advocates
State Control Advocates
Private Ownership of Nuclear Assets
Private Participation Advocates
Opening the sector to private firms is needed to achieve capacity targets; the US shows how regulated private utilities can accelerate nuclear growth, and a single public sector entity cannot shoulder the financial and execution burden alone.
State Control Advocates
Nuclear power has been kept entirely within the state due to strategic sensitivities and the belief that it cannot be separated from sovereign control; exclusive state operation should continue.
Safety and Regulation
Private Participation Advocates
Safety is a function of regulation, design and operational culture, not ownership; a strong statutory regulator, transparent oversight and clear liability rules matter more than whether capital is public or private.
State Control Advocates
Concerns about safety often dominate resistance to reform, reflecting public worry that private participation could compromise safety standards.
Which Model to Follow
Private Participation Advocates
The US model of regulated private participation is more relevant for a democratic, federal system like India's than China's centralized, state-enterprise-driven expansion.
State Control Advocates
China demonstrates that large state-owned enterprises can drive rapid nuclear expansion when a government can enforce it centrally.
- Installed nuclear capacity
- ~8 GW
- Nuclear share of electricity mix
- 2-3%
- Reassessed capacity target
- 22.5 GW by 2032 (reduced from 60 GW)
- New capacity target
- 100 GW by 2047
- 2015 reform
- Allowed public sector undertakings like NTPC to participate in nuclear projects
- AERB status
- Established 1983; given statutory footing by the SHANTI Act
- Private licensing rules
- Still at drafting stage; not yet notified, so no private applications accepted
- Corporate interest
- Adani, Tata, Reliance and Jindal signaled intent to enter nuclear operations