Archive · 3 Nov 2025
Eel Smuggling: A Lucrative Wildlife Crime Threatening Extinction
Imagine tiny, finger-sized baby eels that are a super popular food, especially in places like Japan and China.
For a long time, people caught so many of these baby eels from European rivers that there aren't many left, and they are now in big trouble.
Because they are rare and people really want them, they have become very expensive.
This has led to a big, illegal business where criminals are smuggling them out of Europe, making billions of dollars.
It's hard to even tell where the eels come from because criminals sometimes send them through other countries to make them look legal.
Even though police are catching a lot of these smuggled eels, it's a difficult problem to solve.
Scientists and governments are trying to find ways to protect all kinds of eels because most of the eels eaten around the world are also endangered.
The illegal trade of juvenile European eels is generating billions of euros annually, making it one of the world's most lucrative wildlife crimes.
European eel populations have declined by over 90% due to overfishing, habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, leading to their critically endangered status.
Demand for glass eels, the only way to farm eels for consumption as adult eels cannot be bred at scale in captivity, fuels the illegal market, primarily driven by Asian consumers.
Sophisticated criminal networks employ smuggling, document fraud, tax evasion, and money laundering, with eels often rerouted through third countries to obscure their origin.
Proposals to enhance international protection for all eel species under CITES are being considered to close loopholes exploited by traffickers.
- Who
- Organized criminal networks in Europe and Asia, Europol, conservationists, EU authorities
- What
- A thriving illegal trade in juvenile European eels (glass eels) for consumption, primarily in Asia, contributing to their critically endangered status.
- When
- Ongoing, with significant seizures in 2023 and early 2024. European eel listed as critically endangered in 2007.
- Where
- European rivers, smuggling routes from Europe to Asia, including transit through Africa.
- Why
- High demand for eels as a delicacy, scarcity due to overfishing and environmental factors, inability to breed eels at scale in captivity, and lucrative profits driving organized crime.
- Estimated Annual Smuggling Volume
- Up to 100 tonnes of juvenile eels
- Estimated Annual Revenue
- €2.5–3 billion in peak years
- Population Decline
- Over 90% since the 1970s
- Endangered Status
- European eel listed as critically endangered since 2007
- Recent Seizures
- Over a million live eels seized in 2023; 22 tonnes seized between Oct 2023 and June 2024
- Major Consumer Regions
- China and Japan