Archive · 13 Jan 2026
India's Virtual Water Export Crisis
India is sending a lot of water overseas, but not in the way you might think.
Instead, it's hidden inside the crops we export, like rice, cotton, and sugarcane.
These crops need a lot of water to grow, and when we send them to other countries, we're also sending the water that was used to grow them.
This is called 'virtual water'.
India is one of the biggest exporters of virtual water in the world.
For example, when India exports rice, it's also exporting the water that was used to grow that rice.
This is a problem because many of the places where these crops are grown don't have a lot of water.
The government's policies, which help farmers grow rice and wheat, are making this problem worse.
But there are ways to fix it, like helping farmers grow different crops that need less water, or using special techniques to grow crops with less water.
It's a big challenge, but with the right steps, India can keep exporting crops without sending away all its water.
India is a major exporter of virtual water, embedded in water-intensive crops like rice, cotton, and sugarcane.
Between 2006 and 2016, India exported an average of 26 billion litres of virtual water annually.
In 2023-24, India's rice exports amounted to roughly 40 billion cubic metres of virtual water, equal to 17% of the country's annual groundwater extraction.
Sugarcane, a highly water-intensive crop, consumes 60-70% of Maharashtra's irrigation water despite occupying only 3-4% of the state's cultivated area.
Agricultural policies favoring rice and wheat, along with political patronage, have led to unsustainable virtual water exports from water-stressed regions.
- Who
- India
- What
- Exporting virtual water through water-intensive crops like rice, cotton, and sugarcane
- When
- Ongoing, with significant data from 2006-2016 and 2023-24
- Where
- Primarily from water-stressed regions like Punjab, Haryana, and Maharashtra
- Why
- Due to agricultural policies favoring rice and wheat, and political patronage of sugar cooperatives
- Average Annual Virtual Water Export (2006-2016)
- 26 billion litres
- Virtual Water in 2023-24 Rice Exports
- 40 billion cubic metres
- Sugarcane Water Usage (Maharashtra)
- 2,450 litres per kg
- Sugarcane's Share of Maharashtra's Irrigation Water
- 60-70%
- India's 2024-25 Sugar Exports
- 775,000 tonnes
- Groundwater Extraction in Punjab (2020)
- 164% of sustainable recharge
- Agricultural Exports Earnings (2020-21)
- $41.25 billion
- Haryana's Paddy to Less Water-Intensive Crops Incentive
- ₹7,000 per acre