Archive · 2 Sep 2026
Bihar testimonies challenge India’s claim of zero manual scavengers
Some people in India still say they clean human waste by hand.
Savita Devi, from Bihar, says she cleans dry toilets and is treated badly.
She says her children are also treated unfairly at school.
A government minister recently said there were no manual scavengers in India.
Activists and workers say that claim is not true.
They say dry toilets still exist in many districts.
Indian law bans manual scavenging and promises help to identified workers.
That help can include money, housing, job training and loans.
The campaign wants the government to identify workers and help them move to safer jobs.
Savita Devi says she cleans dry latrines in Chhapra and faces social stigma.
Her children reportedly experience untouchability at school and may drop out.
A minister recently told Parliament that India had no manual scavengers or related deaths.
Activist Bezwada Wilson says dry latrines remain in 63 districts and the government narrows the legal definition.
Manual scavengers are legally entitled to cash aid, housing, training, stipends and concessional loans.
- Who
- Manual scavengers including Savita Devi, Mushi and Pushpa, along with Safai Karmachari Andolan activists, former judges and government minister Ramdas Athawale.
- What
- Testimonies from workers challenged the government’s claim that India has no manual scavengers or reported deaths from the work.
- When
- The testimonies were given at the launch of a year-long campaign; the minister’s statement was made last month, according to the report.
- Where
- The campaign launch included testimonies from several states; workers discussed experiences in Chhapra, Sitapur and Delhi.
- Why
- Activists say manual scavengers remain unidentified and need legal protection, rehabilitation and alternatives to handling human waste.
Government position
Workers and activists’ position
Whether manual scavenging still exists
Government position
Ramdas Athawale told Parliament that there were no manual scavengers in the country.
Workers and activists’ position
Workers gave testimonies describing ongoing manual scavenging, while Bezwada Wilson said dry latrines remained in 63 districts.
Who qualifies under the law
Government position
Activist Bezwada Wilson said the government counts mainly people cleaning dry latrines and refuses to recognize broader forms of manual handling of human waste.
Workers and activists’ position
Wilson argued that the law covers people manually handling human excreta from dry latrines, septic tanks and railway tracks.
Support and rehabilitation
Government position
The law provides an official rehabilitation package for identified manual scavengers, including cash aid, housing support, training, stipends and loans.
Workers and activists’ position
Workers and activists said identification and delivery of support remain inadequate; Pushpa reported waiting since 2005 for compensation and rehabilitation after her husband’s death.
- Campaign
- India@80: End Manual Scavenging, a year-long campaign organized by Safai Karmachari Andolan.
- Government claim
- Minister of State for Social Justice Ramdas Athawale told Parliament that no manual scavengers or deaths due to manual scavenging had been reported.
- Activist estimate
- Bezwada Wilson said dry latrines still existed in 63 districts.
- Legal ban
- Manual scavenging was banned in 1993, and the 2013 law expanded the ban to manual cleaning of septic tanks, open drains, sewers and railway tracks.
- Court direction
- The Supreme Court directed the government in 2014 to enforce the laws strictly.
- Rehabilitation package
- Identified workers may receive one-time cash aid, a residential plot, house-construction assistance, livelihood training, a ₹3,000 monthly training stipend and concessional loans.
- Reported testimony
- Pushpa said her husband died cleaning a Delhi sewer in 2005 and that she had received neither compensation nor rehabilitation.